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llms.txt

# Karum
> Karum (karumdesk.com) is a fixed-price desk for foreign companies doing business in Turkey (Türkiye): company formation, payment, e-money and crypto licensing, and commercial debt recovery. Written scope and one price within 24 hours.

## About Karum
- Operated by Blue Coral Labs B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Chamber of Commerce KVK 42102590). Karum is not a law firm.
- Legal partner in Turkey: BBO Legal, Istanbul. In total, more than 20 lawyers, consultants and certified public accountants work on client files.
- The name: karum is the Akkadian word for a port or merchant quarter. Assyrian merchants ran one at Kanesh (Kültepe, near Kayseri) almost 4,000 years ago and left about 24,000 clay tablets of loans, commercial notes and court records.
- Also written: Karum Desk. Languages: English, [German](https://karumdesk.com/de/), [Russian](https://karumdesk.com/ru/), [Arabic](https://karumdesk.com/ar/).
- [About Karum](https://karumdesk.com/about/), [Legal notice](https://karumdesk.com/legal-notice/), [Privacy notice](https://karumdesk.com/privacy/)
- Full text of the English pages in one file: https://karumdesk.com/llms-full.txt

## Guides
- [Doing Business in Turkey](https://karumdesk.com/doing-business-in-turkey/): structures, capital, tax, treaty rates, hiring, banking
## Services
- [Company formation in Turkey](https://karumdesk.com/company-formation-turkey/): LLC from EUR 3,900, 4 to 6 weeks
- [Payment and e-money licence](https://karumdesk.com/payment-institution-license-turkey/): feasibility EUR 9,500
- [Crypto licence](https://karumdesk.com/crypto-license-turkey/): assessment EUR 9,500
- [Debt collection in Turkey](https://karumdesk.com/debt-collection-turkey/): from EUR 450
## Chapters and countries
- [Company types compared](https://karumdesk.com/doing-business-in-turkey/company-types/)
- [Tax for foreign-owned companies](https://karumdesk.com/doing-business-in-turkey/tax/): treaty dividend rates DE 5%, NL 10/15%, UK 15%, UAE 10%, US 15%
- [Work permits and hiring](https://karumdesk.com/doing-business-in-turkey/work-permits/)
- [By home country](https://karumdesk.com/from/): Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, United States
- [How we price](https://karumdesk.com/how-we-price/) and [Editorial policy](https://karumdesk.com/editorial-policy/)
## More guides
- [Bank account for a foreign-owned company](https://karumdesk.com/doing-business-in-turkey/bank-account/)
- [Buying an existing Turkish company](https://karumdesk.com/company-formation-turkey/buy-existing-company/): merger thresholds TRY 3bn / 1bn / 9bn since Feb 2026
- [Recovering money from a Turkish supplier](https://karumdesk.com/debt-collection-turkey/recover-money-from-turkish-supplier/)
- [Enforcing a foreign arbitration award](https://karumdesk.com/debt-collection-turkey/enforce-arbitration-award/)
- [How long commercial litigation takes](https://karumdesk.com/debt-collection-turkey/commercial-litigation-timeline/): 383 days at first instance in 2025
- [Legal costs in Turkey](https://karumdesk.com/legal-costs-turkey/)
## Tools
- [All tools](https://karumdesk.com/tools/): debt recovery assessment, work permit checker, enforcement checker, fintech licence checker
- [Cost calculator and structure selector](https://karumdesk.com/tools/turkey-company-cost-calculator/)
## Key facts (as of October 2026)
- Minimum capital: LLC TRY 50,000; JSC TRY 250,000
- Corporate income tax 25% (financial sector 30%); standard VAT 20%; dividend withholding 15% before treaty relief
- 100% foreign ownership allowed; registration same day once the file is complete
- Work permits: 5 Turkish employees per foreigner, and capital TRY 500,000 or net sales TRY 8,000,000 or exports USD 150,000
- Payment institution minimum equity TRY 40,000,000; e-money TRY 105,000,000
- Crypto platform minimum capital TRY 250,000,000; custodian TRY 630,000,000
- Enforcement without judgment: debtor has 7 days to object; general limitation period 10 years
## Sources
- Minimum capital: Presidential Decree No. 7887, Official Gazette of 25 November 2023, applied since 1 January 2024. Summary: https://www.erdem-erdem.av.tr/en/insights/the-minimum-capital-amount-for-joint-stock-and-limited-liability-companies-has-been-increased
- Formation steps, same-day registration, Competition Authority contribution: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/investmentguide/pages/establishing-a-business.aspx
- Corporate income tax and VAT: https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/investmentguide/pages/tax-guide.aspx
- Dividend withholding and treaty rates: https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/turkey/corporate/withholding-taxes
- Work permit criteria: https://www.csgb.gov.tr/uigm/en/work-permit/work-permit-evaluation-criteria
- Crypto capital requirements: Capital Markets Board Bulletin 2025/68, https://spk.gov.tr/data/695546ca8f95db281807a9c3/2025-68.pdf
- Merger control thresholds: Communiqué No. 2026/2, Official Gazette of 11 February 2026. Summary: https://www.erdem-erdem.av.tr/en/insights/amendments-to-the-communique-on-mergers-and-acquisitions-requiring-the-approval-of-the-competition-board
## Action
- Request a scope: https://karumdesk.com/#scope (fields: service, timing, country, sector, case, company, email, phone). Written reply within 24 hours. Email: hello@karumdesk.com
## Policy
- Facts may be quoted with attribution and the "as of" date. General information, not legal advice.

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